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Item types are "blueprints" for items and are used to categorize them, which is used by many game mechanics, including, but not limited to affix generation, Rune Word base eligibilty, skill mechanics and so on.
Form a hierarchy, so a particular item type is also considered of its supertypes. For example, an amazon bow is a bow so can roll bow affixes and be used as a base for bow Rune Words (unless the subtype is explicitly excluded - that's why many melee affixes cannot be rolled on staves and wands).
Item types can have multiple supertypes, so the hierarchy is not a simple tree. For example, a combo weapon is both a melee weapon and a thrown weapon.
Base stats for individual armor and weapons can be found on separate item type pages.
Hierarchy of item types. Since it is most often used to determine available affixes and valid bases for Rune Words, only weapons and armor are shown. For clarity class-specific item types are also hidden.
In LoD subtypes of item types introduced in D2R are simply subtypes of absent item types' supertypes. For example swords are a subtype of melee weapons.
Although orbs can be used to perform melee attacks, they are not classified as melee weapons and they can neither spawn with melee weapon affixes, nor be used to make melee weapon Rune Words.